There had to be some degree of interaction between the relevant actors and more importantly some mutual agreement on how to go forward. For instance, firms did not just happen to invent bar codes and then make commodity suppliers use them.
With each new major invention, a system is formed giving it the support and momentum it requires to follow a particular path. For example, if standards committees do not work with manufacturers to understand their requirements and learning experiences, then a default standard will most likely not be adhered. Without collaboration a given product innovation will not reach its potential and probably fade away to find a resting place in the mass of great ideas that were never realised. Noticeable in diagram 6.1 are the feedback loops inherent in the auto-ID innovation process. The interplay between all these different stakeholders forms the technology system specific to auto-ID. The economic relationships that exist between organisations and institutions can be described as physical and knowledge infrastructures. Essentially organisations are those entities that are consciously formed with an explicit purpose and institutions are those that are formed spontaneously to regulate interaction between people. Customers use a physical infrastructure in the way of information technology and telecommunications (IT&T) to carry out transactions, and technology providers use a knowledge infrastructure that includes standards committees, university researchers, regulators and others. Both the customers and technology providers have an infrastructure within which to operate. The customer stakeholders include consumers, issuers and merchants the technology provider stakeholders include manufacturers, system integrators and value-added resellers and finally the service provider stakeholders, the owners of the operation, act to bring the two former groups together. Diagram 6.1 on the following page is divided into three parts. the firm) are the focal point of the thesis, the interactions between manufacturers and other stakeholders are paramount in this study. (ii) in the provision of services that require customers to use auto-ID technological system components such as issuers, merchants and consumers. (i) in the invention, innovation and supply of auto-ID technological system components such as manufacturers, universities and government research bodies and The stakeholders can broadly be categorised into two groups, including those involved: Understanding these dynamics better can lead to predicting future possibilities more accurately because history matters in the SI framework.īefore endeavouring to investigate the complex innovation process of auto-ID, the relevant stakeholders of auto-ID systems must be identified. Patterns emerging from these dynamic interactions act as a guidepost for future developments.
The analysis will put forward a holistic and interdisciplinary view of how an innovation comes about and the complex process that takes place through stakeholder interaction and feedback within the technology system. The organisational, institutional, economic, regulatory and social determinants of auto-ID innovation will be presented. First the innovation process of individual technologies will be examined in isolation, then within the notion of a larger system of innovation defined as auto-ID.
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This chapter will explore the dynamics of the auto-ID innovation process- those drivers and inhibitors that set the direction of the whole industry on a particular course. The literature reviewed in chapter two determined that the auto-ID industry could be defined as a technological system (TS), and chapter five characterised the development of representative auto-ID techniques. Five Case Studies Analysing the Dynamics of the Auto-ID Innovation System